A. Permana(1)*, L. Suparma1, S. Malkhamah1
1Magister Sistem dan Teknik Transportasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA*Corresponding author: aidilpermana@mail.ugm.ac.id
Structured Risk Assessment for Prioritising Safety Mitigation at Railway Level Crossings
A. Permana(1)*, L. Suparma(1), S. Malkhamah(1)
1Magister Sistem dan Teknik Transportasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
*Corresponding author: aidilpermana@mail.ugm.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Railway level crossings represent one of the highest-risk interfaces within railway systems due to the interaction between train operations and road users at the same grade. In Indonesia, the high frequency of accidents at level crossings highlights the need for a structured risk assessment approach to support the prioritisation of safety mitigation. This study aims to conduct a systematic risk assessment by estimating likelihood, assessing severity, and computing risk scores to classify hazards into Low, Moderate, High, or Extreme categories. The methodology includes hazard identification based on 2024 accident data, likelihood estimation using annual accident frequency, severity assessment based on a five-level consequence scale, and application of a semiquantitative 5×5 risk matrix. The results indicate that unsafe road-user behaviour dominates the Extreme risk category, while infrastructure and environmental factors are generally classified as High to Moderate risks. This risk classification provides an objective and transparent basis for prioritising safety mitigation at railway level crossings.
REFERENCES
Ahmed, S. S., Corman, F., & Anastasopoulos, P. C. (2023). Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and spatial instability in the analysis of crash injury-severity at highway-rail grade crossings: A random parameters with heterogeneity in the means and variances approach. Analytic Methods in Accident Research, 37, 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2022.100250
Haleem, K., & Gan, A. (2015). Contributing factors of crash injury severity at public highway-railroad grade crossings in the U.S. Journal of Safety Research, 53, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2015.03.005
Khan, S., Pervez, A., Zhang, Y., Ahmad, S., Sharifzada, H., Ismail, E. A. A., & Awwad, F. A. (2024). Comprehensive risk assessment of Pakistan railway network: A semi-quantitative risk matrix approach. Heliyon, 10(12), e32682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32682
Khan, W. A., & Khattak, A. J. (2018). Injury Severity of Truck Drivers in Crashes at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings in the United States. Transportation Research Record, 2672(10), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118781183
Mannering, F. L., Shankar, V., & Bhat, C. R. (2016). Unobserved heterogeneity and the statistical analysis of highway accident data. Analytic Methods in Accident Research, 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2016.04.001
PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero). (2025). Data perlintasan sebidang tahun 2024. Division of Security, PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero), Jakarta.
PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero). (2024). Total railway level crossing accidents in Indonesia (2020–2024). PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero).
Ren, Q., & Xu, M. (2024). Injury severity analysis of highway-rail grade crossing crashes in non-divided two-way traffic scenarios: A random parameters logit model. Multimodal Transportation, 3(1), 100109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.multra.2023.100109